![labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec](https://www.adinstruments.com/sites/default/files/wysiwyg-resources/images/reader-scopeMac.gif)
Measuring cylinder for measuring very low flow rates,.
![labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec](https://manual.eg.poly.edu/images/1/1d/Arithmetic.png)
![labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec labchart reader arithmetic slope smooth smoothsec](http://otwstatgraf.s3.amazonaws.com/mimic-coppins-bridge.jpg)
In laminar flows, f is only a function of the Reynolds number and is independent of the surface roughness of the pipe. In this equation, the friction factor ( f ), a dimensionless quantity, is used to describe the friction loss in a pipe. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most widely accepted formula for determining the energy loss in pipe flow. Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to overcome the frictional resistance. Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and roughness of the pipe wall. The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses.